Government pressure has forced many independent media to shut down, including the Ozodagon newspaper and the Akhbor site, and has driven dozens of journalists into exile. Only one-third of the population enjoys internet access. The quasi-permanent blocking of major news sites and social networks has pushed many Tajik media to establish their operations outside the country. Foreign journalists work under threat of their accreditation being cancelled, if not simply rejected.

The government keeps a close eye on content disseminated on radio, television and the internet. Independent media find access to official information extremely limited. Journalists who do not succumb to self-censorship are harassed by security services, and are targeted for intimidation and blackmail. Some are officially categorized as ‘terrorists”. The government has set up troll farms designed to discredit any critical commentary.

The Tajik authorities misuse legal provisions to punish incitement to hatred, discord or the dissemination of false information. These laws, which directly threaten journalists, create a climate of fear and prevent them from expressing any critical view of the regime.

Many obstacles stand in the way of economic development of the media sector. These include legal and bureaucratic barriers, heavy taxes, an under-developed advertising market, and surprise inspections by regulatory authorities. Added to these are low salaries that push experienced journalists into other careers. Private media receive no public subsidies, although a provision of the press law explicitly allows this.

Journalists have no role to play in resolving the country’s social, economic and political problems, because the government does not respond to their work nor answer their questions. Media have a hard time addressing certain issues, such as homosexual marriage, homosexuality and extra-marital affairs. After the start of a border conflict with Kyrgyzstan in 2021, attacks and insults directed at that country’s people were spread in the media and online.

Reporters who criticise the government risk physical assault, intimidation, arrest and even imprisonment by law enforcement and security services. Journalists find it virtually impossible to work on issues that the government considers “sensitive”, without exposing themselves, or friends and family, to danger.